Inheritance Tax: How does the UK compare internationally?

More than 70% of Brits think Inheritance Tax (IHT) is unfair, according to a poll carried out by Tax Policy Associates in 2023. You might consider how other countries handle taxing assets when you pass away to be “fairer”, read on to find out more.

Over the last few months, you’ve read about how IHT works in the UK and some of the steps you may take to reduce a potential bill.

In the UK, IHT is a type of tax that’s levied on the estate of someone who has passed away if the total value exceeds certain thresholds. The portion of estates above the threshold may be liable for IHT at a standard rate of 40% in 2024/25.

Many countries have some form of IHT. Indeed, according to euronews, 19 countries in the EU levy some form of tax on inheritances, gifts, or estates.

So, how does the UK differ in the way that it taxes estates? Read on to discover how other countries tax assets after you’ve passed away.

Several countries have no form of Inheritance Tax

While many countries do levy a tax when passing on assets, there are a few that don’t have any form of IHT. For example, Austria abolished IHT in 2008, and Norway followed suit in 2014.

In the UK, modern IHT tax dates back to 1894 when an estate duty was introduced. However, there were different types of IHT going much further back. While there have been calls to abolish IHT in the UK, it’s not a step Conservative or Labour governments have taken so far.

The threshold for paying Inheritance Tax varies significantly between countries

Among countries that have IHT, the majority of estates fall under tax thresholds and aren’t liable.

As a result, taxes on estates typically make up a small proportion of total tax revenues. In fact, the Financial Times reports only four of the 38 countries that are part of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) derive more than 1% of their total tax revenue from inheritances, estates, or gifts – Belgium, France, Japan, and South Korea.

The threshold for paying IHT varies significantly. In the UK, in 2024/25, the nil-rate band is £325,000. If the value of your estate is above this figure, IHT might be due.

In contrast, a Belgium citizen might need to consider an IHT bill if the value of their estate is more than just €12,500 (£10,505) depending on the region they live and who their beneficiaries are.

On the other end of the scale, in the US, federal estate tax is only required if the value of the estate exceeds $13.61 million (£10.25 million), and only six states levy additional IHT.

Many countries tax the recipient rather than the estate

The UK is an outlier in how it taxes the assets of the deceased. The UK is one of a small number of countries that tax the estate and consider the total value, not how the assets will be distributed. Denmark and the US also take a similar approach.

In many other countries, rather than taxing the estate, the recipient is taxed. So, an IHT bill would consider the gains each recipient has made and their personal circumstances.

In a 2023 report, the Institute for Fiscal Studies stated that taxing recipients and considering their wealth would be “the most appropriate way of taxing inheritances”, if IHT aims to reduce the effect of inherited wealth on inequalities. It notes this would allow a “transfer of £500,000 to a millionaire to be taxed differently from a transfer of £500,000 from the same estate to someone who is poor”.

The majority of countries favour a progressive Inheritance Tax rate

Again, the UK is an outlier by having a flat rate of IHT. In 2024/25, the portion of your estate that is liable for IHT would be taxed at a standard rate of 40% in most cases.

In contrast, many other countries favour a progressive tax – where the tax rate is increased for estates that have a higher value. For example, in Denmark the IHT rate is between 15% and 25%, and in Belgium, it could range from 3% to as high as 80%. 

Many other taxes in the UK are progressive. For instance, you may pay a higher rate of Income Tax on the proportion of your income that exceeds the higher- or additional-rate thresholds. So, making IHT progressive could align it with other taxes.

Contact us to talk about Inheritance Tax

If you’d like to talk about your estate’s potential IHT liability and the steps you could take to reduce the potential bill, please contact us.

Please note:

This blog is for general information only and does not constitute advice. The information is aimed at retail clients only.

Please do not act based on anything you might read in this article. All contents are based on our understanding of HMRC legislation, which is subject to change.

The Financial Conduct Authority does not regulate Inheritance Tax planning.

Investment market update: September 2024

Economic data suggesting some developed countries, including the US, could fall into a recession continued to affect investment markets in September 2024. Read on to discover other factors that may have affected the performance of your investments. 

UK

Data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows inflation remained stable at 2.2% in the 12 months to August. The figure is slightly above the Bank of England’s (BoE) 2% target.

Despite speculation that inflation data would lead to the BoE cutting interest rates, the Bank opted to maintain its base rate at 5%. While good news for savers, it means borrowers, including mortgage holders, are still likely to face higher outgoings when compared to 2021.

Many economists expect the BoE will make an interest rate cut before the end of the year. Indeed, investment bank Goldman Sachs predicts the interest rate will fall to 3% over the next 12 months.

GDP data showed the UK economy returned to growth in July after a plateau in June. However, the figures were disappointing, with just 0.5% growth in the three months to July 2024. 

There could be more positive news in the coming months though. Investment bank Peel Hunt optimistically said the UK economy is heading for “above-average growth” as inflation stabilises and consumer demand picks up.

A report from the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) provided a less cheerful outlook for the UK. The latest risk and sustainability report warned the UK, and other countries in the world, face long-term pressures, such as an ageing population, climate change, and rising geopolitical tensions.

In addition, the OBR said, based on current policy, public debt is projected to almost triple to more than 270% of GDP over the next 50 years. The comments highlight the challenging backdrop chancellor Rachel Reeves will need to consider as she prepares to deliver her first Budget on 30 October.

There was positive data released from the manufacturing sector. S&P Global’s Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) recorded the strongest month in two years. Both output and new orders continued to recover.

Yet, many businesses continue to face significant headwinds. Among those is UK shipbuilder Harland & Wolff, which owns the Belfast shipyard that once built the Titanic. The company entered administration in September.

Research also suggests that trade difficulties following Brexit could worsen. Aston Business School analysed the effect of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement on UK-EU trade relations, and found that trade is down by almost a quarter.

The FTSE 100 experienced ups and downs, including falling 0.6% to a three-week low on 4 September. Susannah Streeter, head of money and markets at Hargreaves Lansdown, said: “Fresh worries about the health of the global economy have gripped markets, with the FTSE 100 far from immune.”

Europe

Eurozone inflation fell to 2.2% in the 12 months to August 2024. The news gave the European Central Bank the confidence to cut interest rates for the second time this year.

The Paris Olympics provided a short-term boost to the eurozone economy. A PMI output index increased for the first time since May in August 2024 to reach a three-month high of 51.0 – a reading above 50 indicates growth.

However, as the temporary boost of the Olympics fades, additional PMI data isn’t as positive. Indeed, HCOB’s flash PMI suggests the eurozone economy shrank for the first time in seven months in September.

The manufacturing sector in particular is struggling, with a PMI reading of 45.8 in August 2024. Dr Cyrus de la Rubia, chief economist at Hamburg Commercial Bank, said: “Things are going downhill, and fast. The manufacturing sector has been stuck in a rut.”

As the largest economy in the EU, the conditions in Germany can affect the bloc, and statistics suggest there are risks ahead.

Indeed, the Kiel Institute for the World Economy predicts Germany’s GDP will shrink by 0.1% this year and has halved its growth forecast for 2025 to 0.5%.

Statistics body Destatis reports industrial production in Germany fell by 2.4% in July – far more severe than the 0.3% fall economists had predicted. The automotive sector suffered the largest fall (8.1%) followed by electrical equipment (7%).

German carmaker Volkswagen has spoken about the challenges it faces. The company warned that it has a “year, maybe two” to adapt to lower demand. The economic environment has led to Volkswagen considering making unprecedented closures in its home market for the first time in its history as it tries to cut costs.

US

Inflation in the US fell to its lowest level since February 2021 in August 2024 to 2.5%. In response, the Federal Reserve cut its base interest rate from 5% to 4.75%.

The inflation and interest rate announcements led to the S&P 500 – an index of the 500 largest public companies in the US – jumping 1.5% on 19 September. 

Similar to Europe, data indicates the manufacturing sector in the US is struggling. Indeed, the Institute of Supply Management reported it contracted for the fifth consecutive month in August. The news led to a dip in the markets around the world at the start of the month.

Figures from the Bureau of Economic Analysis also indicate a business threat as the trade deficit increased by $5.6 billion (£4.19 billion) in July to $103.1 billion (£77.13 billion).

American company OpenAI, the firm behind ChatGPT, announced it was in talks to raise $6.5 billion (£4.86 billion) from investors at a valuation of $150 billion (£112.21 billion) – making it one of the most valuable start-ups in the world.

Asia

Investment market volatility in Asia highlighted how factors around the world can affect markets. On 4 September, Japan’s Nikkei lost 4.2% and South Korea’s Kospi fell 3.4% after investors were spooked by fears that the US could experience a downturn when poor manufacturing data was posted.

A survey of China’s manufacturers from Caixin suggests export orders were subdued in August and fell for the first time this year as it faced external challenges.

However, China announced stimulus measures aimed at boosting the economy and stock market, as well as supporting the property sector on 24 September.

The news led to stock markets across Asia-Pacific rising – China’s CSI 300 index was up more than 4%. In fact, the announcement led to world stocks hitting a record high when the MSCI World Stocks index increased by 0.3%. 

Please note:

This blog is for general information only and does not constitute advice. The information is aimed at retail clients only.

The value of your investments (and any income from them) can go down as well as up and you may not get back the full amount you invested. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance.

Investments should be considered over the longer term and should fit in with your overall attitude to risk and financial circumstances.

The first-time buyer’s guide to saving a property deposit

Saving for that all-important property deposit can be a challenge for a first-time buyer, especially when balancing a high cost of living while trying to set aside money each month.

Of course, such difficulties have always existed, but young adults today face increasingly higher barriers to entry into the property market. Data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows the average age of a first-time buyer in the UK is 36, up from 32 in 2004.

If you are saving for a property deposit, this guide will walk you through all the available options and the steps you can take to help you buy your first home.

Download your copy of ‘The first-time buyer’s guide to saving a property deposit’ now to discover:

· How much you need to save for a property deposit

· Practical tips that could help you save more effectively

· Why a mortgage in principle could be useful for setting a goal

· How a family mortgage works and if it could be an option for you.

If you’re preparing to buy your first home, we could offer you guidance throughout the process. Please contact us to speak to one of our team.

The gender protection gap: Do you have enough cover?

Research suggests that women are less likely than men to take out income protection. This trend could mean women are more vulnerable to financial shocks and is a useful reminder to check how you’d cope if the unexpected happened.

According to a report from Royal London, while women are more likely to manage everyday spending for a household, it’s typically men who will make decisions relating to long-term finances, including financial protection.

There are several reasons why women often don’t take a leading role in long-term finances, including a lack of confidence. The study found 21% of women said they weren’t confident in their ability to choose an option that was right for them compared to 12% of men.

In addition, women are more likely to take time away from work or work part-time to look after young children. After having children, 62% of women said they’d considered leaving the workforce or working part-time due to childcare responsibilities. 42% of men said the same.

These factors, among others, mean there’s often a gender gap in finances. Women, for example, usually have far less saved for their retirement when compared to their male counterparts. However, one area you may have overlooked is the effect it can have on financial protection.

Just 16% of women homeowners have income protection in place

The Royal London report found a lack of financial protection that could leave both men and women in a difficult position if they faced a financial shock.

Financial protection is an umbrella term used to describe several types of insurance that would pay out when certain conditions are met. For example, life insurance would pay a lump sum to your loved ones if you passed away during the term. As a result, financial protection may act as a safety net when you or your family need it most.

Income protection would pay out a regular income if you’re unable to work due to an accident or illness. It will usually pay a portion of your regular salary until you can return to work, retire, or the term ends. So, if your income unexpectedly stops because you can’t work, it could help you meet essential financial commitments.

Becoming a homeowner is often a trigger for considering income protection as you might think about how you’d meet your mortgage repayments if something happened.

While almost a quarter (24%) of male homeowners have income protection in place, the figure falls to 16% for women.

Worryingly, this is despite data suggesting women are more likely to need to take time off work. Between the ages of 30 and 65, men have a 26% chance of needing to take two months or more off work, this rises to 37% for women.

Assessing how you’d cope if your income halted unexpectedly could help you see if you’d benefit from income protection and how much cover you might need.

If you take out financial protection, you’ll need to pay regular premiums to maintain the cover. The cost of the cover will depend on a range of factors, including the potential payout and your health, and may vary between providers.

3 useful questions to help you understand your financial resilience

Understanding your financial resilience might help you assess your ability to overcome a financial shock. These three questions could be a useful place to start.

1..What are your essential outgoings?

Getting to grips with your budget could help you assess the challenges you might face if your income stops. Writing down your essential outgoings, from your mortgage to grocery shopping, is a simple way to calculate the income you need each month to keep up with financial commitments.

You might also want to consider costs that aren’t essential but are important to you or your family. For example, you may want to include private school or club membership fees. This could help you understand the cost of maintaining your lifestyle.

2. Does your employer offer sick pay?

In 2024/25, Statutory Sick Pay is just £116.74 a week and is paid for up to 28 weeks. As a result, it’s often not enough to cover essential expenses alone.

However, many workplaces offer a sick pay policy that would continue to pay you an income if you’re unable to work. Checking your contract, reading your employee handbook, or speaking to HR might be useful when you’re reviewing your financial resilience.

There are two key things to check if your employer offers sick pay. First, would you receive your usual salary or a portion of it? Second, how long would they pay an income for if you’re unable to work?

3. What financial safety net do you already have in place?

You may already have taken steps to create a financial safety net. Perhaps you have an emergency fund in a savings account you could dip into if your income stopped, or have other assets you could use.

Taking some time to work out how long your safety net would last could be a useful exercise. If you have enough in your emergency fund to cover three months of essential expenses, you might decide that income protection that pays out after this period would offer you peace of mind.

It may also be important to note how using other assets could affect your long-term plans. For instance, if you intended to use your savings to fund a home improvement project or allow you to travel when you retire, falling ill could risk these goals.

Calculating your income gap

With the information from the above three questions, you can start to calculate the income gap you might face if your income unexpectedly stopped. It may put you in a position where you can start to take steps to reduce the risk of falling short, whether that’s building up your savings or taking out appropriate financial protection.

Contact us to talk about your financial plan and protection

The Royal London research found that women are less likely to seek professional financial advice too. Just 16% of women have spoken to a financial adviser, compared to 23% of men.

As financial planners, we could help you manage your finances in a way that aligns with your goals, including taking out financial protection if appropriate. A financial plan may help you feel more in control of your finances and boost your confidence. Please contact us to arrange a meeting.

Please note:

This blog is for general information only and does not constitute advice. The information is aimed at retail clients only.

Note that financial protection plans typically have no cash in value at any time and cover will cease at the end of the term. If premiums stop, then cover will lapse.

Cover is subject to terms and conditions and may have exclusions. Definitions of illnesses vary from product provider and will be explained within the policy documentation.

74% of financial advice from social media leads to an “undesired outcome”

There’s an abundance of unregulated financial advice available, and research suggests it could harm your security and long-term plans. Whether you receive advice through social media or follow the financial decisions of friends, you could take more risk than is appropriate or miss out on opportunities.

Read on to discover some of the potential perils of taking unregulated financial advice.

Almost 14% of Brits use social media for financial guidance

Social media has become an important part of daily life for many. Indeed, it’s estimated that in 2022, 4.59 billion people used social media worldwide. So, it’s perhaps unsurprising that a growing number of people are seeking financial advice on social media platforms.

According to a study from Capital One, 13.7% of Brits use social media as a primary resource for financial guidance. Interestingly, men were twice as likely to use social media platforms when seeking financial advice.

While social media can be informative and may contain advice from experts, the research suggests it may be more likely to harm your wealth.

In fact, almost three-quarters (74%) of people who have taken financial guidance from social media lost money or experienced an “undesired outcome”, such as harming their credit score.

Social media isn’t the only place you’ll come across unregulated financial advice either. You might also speak to friends and family, hear advice in the media, or read blogs that offer guidance. So, it can be difficult to avoid unregulated advice, but recognising when it could harm your finances may be important.

4 reasons you may choose to avoid unregulated financial advice

1. You might not know whether they’re qualified or experienced

The Capital One research found that 30% of survey participants said qualifications were a sign of trustworthiness.

The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) requires all regulated financial advisers to have the relevant qualifications. This means you can rest assured that your finances are in safe hands.

If you choose to take advice from social media or other unregulated sources, it can be difficult to assess the qualifications and experience that the person has. Indeed, the Capital One research found that 80% of financial content on YouTube was made by someone with no qualifications.

2. You’re not protected if something goes wrong

Taking regulated financial advice means you could be protected by the FCA if something goes wrong. All regulated financial advisers will have internal complaints handling procedures and, if you need to, you can approach the regulator.

In contrast, if you’ve taken unregulated financial advice, it might be difficult to hold the individual or firm accountable or get justice if you encounter a problem. For example, you might not receive compensation if you were given inappropriate advice or mis-sold an investment.

3. The advice may not be tailored to you

Watching a quick social media video might seem like a simple way to receive financial advice, but it’s important to note it hasn’t been tailored to you. As needs and goals can vary hugely between people, a one-size-fits-all approach could lead to some acting on advice that isn’t right for them.

Similarly, a well-meaning family member might offer investment advice that suits their needs, but that doesn’t mean it’s the right solution for you. A host of factors might affect your investment decisions, from your investment time frame to the other assets you hold.

Despite this, almost 20% of people told Capital One that their friends and family are their primary source of financial information.

Working with a regulated financial adviser means you have an opportunity to talk about your aspirations, concerns and wider finances to create a plan that’s tailored to you.

4. You could increase the risk of falling victim to a scam

It can be difficult to check the credentials of online personas. So, if you’re taking advice from online sources, you could be more likely to be targeted by a scammer.

The Annual Fraud Report 2024 from UK Finance also notes that scammers are increasingly using social media to connect with victims and gather information. For example, the report states that adverts on social media are “used heavily in investment scams”.

When seeking financial advice, you can use the FCA’s Financial Services Register to find the details of legitimate, regulated firms.

Contact us to talk about your finances

As regulated financial advisers, you can have confidence in the guidance we provide. If you’d like to talk about your financial plan, please get in touch.

Please note:

This blog is for general information only and does not constitute advice. The information is aimed at retail clients only.

Want to support your children through university? Here’s what you may want to consider

Millions of students across the UK are preparing to head to university and pursue their educational goals. As a parent, you may feel proud as you help them pack up their belongings and move into their own space for the first time. Yet, you might also be worried about how they’ll cope financially or repay the student loans they’re taking out. 

Figures from the House of Commons Library show there were 2.86 million students in the UK in 2021/22. Around 550,000 applications were accepted for full-time undergraduate places through UCAS in 2023. 

If your child was among them, read on to find out what you need to know about supporting them through university.  

The average student will graduate with debt of £43,700 

While going to university could broaden career prospects, you might worry about the financial implications of borrowing money to pursue further education.   

Many students will take out loans to cover tuition fees, which are a maximum of £9,250 a year in England in 2024/25. With the average course lasting three years, that means graduating with debt of £27,750. 

In addition, students may take out a maintenance loan to help with living costs while they study. Rent alone can add up to a substantial amount. Indeed, according to the BBC, in 2023/24, the average student outside of London and Edinburgh paid £7,475 in rent for the academic year. 

How much your child can borrow through a maintenance loan will depend on a range of factors, including where they’ll be studying, if they’ll be moving out, and your household income.  

Official figures show that the average student going to university in 2024 is expected to graduate with debt of £43,700. The government expects around 65% of these students to repay their student loans in full during their lifetime.  

With such a large figure, you may be tempted to offer an alternative to student loans. However, they work differently from traditional loans, so using your money to replace a student loan might not be the best way to support your child.  

“Plan 5” students will make student loan repayments once they earn £25,000 a year 

The way student loans work often means they can be viewed like a graduate tax rather than a traditional loan.  

Students starting university in 2024 will take out “Plan 5” loans, which launched in 2023. 

Under a Plan 5 loan, your child won’t need to make repayments until they’re earning £25,000 a year. If after graduating, they’re unemployed or are a low earner, they wouldn’t need to make any student loan repayments. The repayment threshold is frozen until 2027, after this point it’s expected to increase with inflation.  

Once your child earns more than £25,000, 9% of their earnings above the threshold will be used to repay their student loan. So, a graduate earning £35,000 would make student loan repayments of £900 a year. If your child hasn’t repaid the loan within 40 years, it is automatically wiped.  

For employees, repayments are automatically removed via payroll, just like Income Tax and National Insurance deductions.  

Interest is added to the loan at the rate of inflation, as measured by the Retail Prices Index (RPI).  

So, while you might be worried about how your child will repay their student loan, it’s manageable for most graduates.  

The average student maintenance loan falls short by £582 a month 

The rising cost of living has placed pressure on students’ day-to-day finances. As a parent, lending financial support to cover living expenses might prove more useful than covering tuition fees. 

According to Save the Student, in 2023, the average student faced a financial shortfall of £582 a month as the maintenance loan they were entitled to didn’t cover their living costs. Indeed, monthly expenses increased by 17% to £1,078 in 2023 when compared to a year earlier. 

It means some students had to make difficult choices about where to cut back. The survey found that a fifth of students often skip meals to save money.  

With 4 in 5 students worried about how they’ll make ends meet, regular financial support from parents throughout their education could make a huge difference. More than half of students said financial concerns harmed their mental health and 30% stated their grades suffered as a result. 

So, if you’re in a position to, you might want to consider how you could help your child manage their budget and ease some of the financial stress they may experience as a student.  

Contact us to make supporting your child part of your financial plan 

If your child will be going to university soon and you want to update your financial plan to offer them support while they study, please contact us. We’ll work with you to adjust your plan to reflect your short- and long-term priorities.  

Please note:

This blog is for general information only and does not constitute advice. The information is aimed at retail clients only.

5 practical questions to consider when you’re naming a Lasting Power of Attorney

Who you choose to act on your behalf if you lose mental capacity is an important decision. You want to select someone you trust and you feel confident could act in your best interest should you need them to. So, read on to discover five practical questions you might want to answer when you’re setting up a Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA). 

An LPA gives someone you trust the ability to make decisions on your behalf if you’re no longer able to. For example, they could take on this role if you’ve been involved in an accident or suffer from an illness that means you don’t have the mental capacity to handle your affairs. 

There are two types of LPA: 

· Health and welfare LPA, which would cover decisions like your medical care, whether to continue life-sustaining treatment, moving into a care home, and your daily routine

· Property and financial affairs LPA, which would cover decisions like paying your bills, managing your bank account or other assets, and selling your home. 

You should consider naming both types of LPA. They could provide you with security and ensure someone is acting on your behalf if you’re in a vulnerable position. 

According to FTAdviser, the number of LPAs registered in the last quarter of 2023 jumped by 37% when compared to a year earlier and marked the first time registrations exceeded a million. 

Yet, a separate study from Just Group also suggests that millions of families could be unable to act on behalf of their loved ones if something happened to them. Indeed, it’s estimated that 59% of over-75s haven’t arranged an LPA – the equivalent of 3.4 million people. 

If you don’t have an LPA set up, someone wishing to act on your behalf may need to apply to the Court of Protection to be appointed as your “deputy”. This could mean someone you wouldn’t choose is given the responsibility of handling your affairs.  

In addition, going through the Court of Protection can be a costly and lengthy process. It might place unnecessary stress on your loved ones at an already difficult time and could mean your affairs are left unattended for months. For instance, it may mean that you don’t have the support you need at home, such as care services, or that bills go unpaid.  

What to consider when choosing your Lasting Power of Attorney 

Your LPA must be someone who is aged 18 or older. Often, people choose family members as their LPA, but you might also select a trusted friend or even a professional, such as a solicitor, to act on your behalf.  

These five practical questions could help you decide who to name as your LPA. 

1. How many Lasting Powers of Attorney will you name? 

You can select just one LPA, but you can also choose several people to act on your behalf. Multiple LPAs can be useful and help relieve some of the pressure they might feel if they need to make decisions for you. For example, if you have two children, you might choose to name them both so they can share the responsibility.  

Even if you choose a single LPA, you may also want to name a replacement in case your first choice cannot fulfil their role. 

2. Who do you trust to act on your behalf? 

One of the first questions you’ll often want to consider is who you trust to make decisions on your behalf. An attorney will potentially have a lot of power over your life and financial affairs. So, it’s important you feel comfortable giving them this responsibility and are confident they’ll act in your best interests.  

If you have multiple LPAs, it might be important to consider how well they’ll work together. Conflicts arising could harm your wellbeing and mean decisions are delayed.   

3. Who has the right skills to act as a Lasting Power of Attorney?  

Next, you may want to think about whether the people you’d choose as an LPA have the right skills for the role. You might want to consider how they handle their affairs – are they generally organised and make decisions that you agree with?  

4. Would your Lasting Power of Attorney be comfortable making large decisions on your behalf?  

Becoming an LPA can be a lot of responsibility, which some people might not be comfortable with. 

Having a conversation with the person or people you’d prefer to act on your behalf can be valuable. It could provide an opportunity to talk about what your wishes would be, such as your views on life-sustaining treatment, and ensure they’d be confident making potentially difficult decisions for you.   

5. Will your attorneys be able to make decisions independently?  

Finally, if you’ll be naming more than one LPA, you’ll need to decide if they can make decisions independently or must act together.  

Your LPA will state whether they must make decisions “jointly”, meaning all attorneys must agree, or “jointly and severally”, which means they could act independently. Being able to act severally might be useful if decisions need to be made urgently, such as those relating to medical treatment.  

You can specify which decisions you’d like them to make together. For example, you might state they can handle tasks like managing your bills severally, but when it comes to selling property, they must make it jointly.  

Contact us to make a Lasting Power of Attorney part of your estate plan 

Naming an LPA can form part of your wider estate plan that considers how to manage your wealth later in life and when you pass away. If you’d like help creating an estate plan, please contact us. 

As your financial planner, we may also understand your goals and what you’d like your LPA to consider when making financial decisions for you. We could offer support and guidance if they need to act on your behalf. 

Please note:

This blog is for general information only and does not constitute advice. The information is aimed at retail clients only.

The Financial Conduct Authority does not regulate estate planning or Lasting Powers of Attorney.

Inheritance Tax: 5 shrewd strategies for reducing a potential bill

If you take a proactive approach to managing your wealth, you could reduce how much Inheritance Tax (IHT) your estate may be liable for when you pass away.  

Last month, you read about what IHT is and when estates become liable to pay it. Now, read on to discover some of the shrewd strategies you could use to reduce a potential IHT bill. 

Around 1 in 22 estates are liable for Inheritance Tax 

The latest HMRC figures show that around 1 in 22 estates are liable for IHT. In fact, in 2021/22, 4.39% of deaths resulted in an IHT charge. However, frozen IHT thresholds mean the portion of estates liable for IHT is slowly rising.  

While only a small proportion of estates face an IHT bill, the standard IHT rate of 40% means it can lead to a sizeable amount going to HMRC rather than your beneficiaries. Indeed, according to the Office for Budget Responsibility, HMRC collected £7.1 billion through IHT in 2022/23. The organisation expects the figure to reach £9.7 billion in 2028/29. 

So, if your estate could exceed the nil-rate band, which is £325,000 in 2024/25, you might want to consider these steps to reduce a potential IHT bill. 

1. Write or review your will 

A will is one of the key steps you can take to ensure your assets are distributed according to your wishes. Your will can also be used to manage IHT liability by distributing your assets in a way that allows you to use allowances. 

For example, the residence nil-rate band could increase how much you’re able to pass on tax-efficiently if you leave your main home to children or grandchildren. In 2024/25, the residence nil-rate band is £175,000, so it could significantly boost the amount you’re able to pass on before your estate needs to pay IHT.  

Yet, according to a FTAdviser report, a third of adults aged 55 or over have not made a will. 

If you already have a will in place, reviewing it may be worthwhile. You might find opportunities to reduce your estate’s IHT liability or that your wishes have changed.

It’s often a good idea to check your will every five years or following major life events, such as getting married, welcoming children, or relationships breaking down.  

2. Gift assets during your lifetime 

Giving away some of your wealth during your lifetime might bring the value of your estate under IHT thresholds or reduce the overall bill. It could also be useful for your loved ones, who may benefit more from financial support now compared to later in life.  

Some gifts may be considered immediately outside of your estate for IHT purposes, including: 

· Up to £3,000 in 2024/25 known as the “annual exemption”

· Small gifts of up to £250 to each person, so long as they have not benefited from another allowance

· Wedding gifts of up to £1,000, rising to £2,500 for your grandchildren or great-grandchildren and £5,000 for your child 

· Regular gifts that you make from your income that do not affect your ability to meet your usual living costs. For example, you might pay rent for your child or contribute to the savings account of your grandchild. It’s important these gifts are regular and it’s often a good idea to keep a record of them.  

However, other gifts may be known as a “potentially exempt transfer” (PET) and could be included in IHT calculations for up to seven years after they were received. 

You might also need to consider how gifting could affect your long-term financial security. 

If you want to gift assets to your loved ones during your lifetime, making it part of your financial plan could offer peace of mind. We may be able to help you understand how gifting will affect your wealth in the future and how to do so tax-efficiently.  

3. Use your pension to pass on wealth 

For IHT purposes, your pension usually sits outside your estate. As a result, it might provide a valuable way to pass on assets. According to a PensionBee survey, almost two-thirds of Brits were unaware of this, so your pension might be an option you’ve overlooked when considering IHT. 

Choosing to use other assets to fund your retirement could help you pass on more to your loved ones through your pension. Considering your beneficiaries when you’re creating a retirement plan could help you decide which option is right for your goals. 

While pensions aren’t normally liable for IHT, your beneficiary may need to consider Income Tax when accessing funds held in an inherited pension in some circumstances.  

Your pension isn’t typically covered by your will. Instead, you can complete an expression of wish form to inform your pension provider who you’d like to receive it when you pass away. 

4. Place assets in a trust 

Provided certain conditions are met, assets that are placed in trust no longer belong to you. So, they normally won’t be included when calculating an IHT bill.  

A trust is a legal arrangement that holds assets for the benefit of another person. As the benefactor, you can set out who will benefit from the assets and under what circumstances, which can give you greater control when compared to gifting or leaving an inheritance. In some cases, you may still benefit from the assets held in a trust, such as receiving the dividends from investments.  

You can also name a trustee, who would be responsible for managing the trust in line with your wishes and for the benefit of the beneficiaries. 

There are several different types of trusts and it’s important it’s set up correctly to ensure it meets your needs, including reducing a potential IHT bill if that’s one of your priorities. Taking legal advice might be valuable when creating a trust. 

In addition, it may be difficult, and sometimes impossible, to reverse decisions related to a trust. As a result, you should think carefully about which assets you place in a trust and how your decisions align with your wider financial plan. Please arrange a meeting with us if you’d like to talk about putting some of your wealth into a trust.  

5. Take out life insurance  

Life insurance isn’t a way to reduce your estate’s IHT liability. However, it could provide a useful way for your family to pay the bill. 

Whole of life insurance cover would pay out a lump sum to your beneficiaries when you pass away. They could then use this payout to cover the IHT bill, so they wouldn’t need to consider how to use their inheritance to pay the cost. This option might ease the stress your loved ones are dealing with at a time when they’re grieving or handling your affairs.  

It’s important to note that you’ll need to pay regular premiums to maintain life insurance coverage. The cost of life insurance can vary depending on a range of factors, from the size of the eventual payout to your health.  

You might want to consider using a trust to hold the life insurance. Otherwise, the payout could be added to the value of your estate and increase the IHT that is due.

Legal advice may be useful when setting up a trust, which can be complex. 

Contact us to talk about your Inheritance Tax strategy  

There might be other ways you could reduce a potential IHT bill too. If you have any questions about IHT or your wider financial plan, please contact us. 

Next month, read our blog to discover how IHT in the UK compares to other countries and proposals to reform the tax. 

Please note:

This blog is for general information only and does not constitute advice. The information is aimed at retail clients only.

Please do not act based on anything you might read in this article. All contents are based on our understanding of HMRC legislation, which is subject to change.

The Financial Conduct Authority does not regulate estate planning, trusts or Inheritance Tax planning.

Note that life insurance plans typically have no cash in value at any time and cover will cease at the end of the term. If premiums stop, then cover will lapse.